Caucasian War

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Caucasian War
Part of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus and Russian imperialism
Franz Roubaud's A Scene from the Caucasian War
Date 1817 – 21 May 1864 Location North Caucasus Result Russian victory Territorial changes North Caucasus annexed by Russia
Belligerents
Russia Kuban Cossacks Shamkhalate of Tarki Principality of Guria (until 1829) Principality of Svaneti (until 1859) Principality of Mingrelia	Circassian Confederation Circassian tribal regions: Abdzakh Republic Besleney Principality Bzhedugh Principality Hatuqwai Principality Grand Principality of Kabardia Mamkhegh Principality Natukhaj Republic Shapsug Principality Chemguy Principality Ubykh Principality Yegeruqwai Principality Zhaney Principality ...and others Principality of Abkhazia[1][2][3] Azadzwa Abaza Caucasian Imamate Avars Chechens Lezgins Ingush[a] Dargins Kumyks Karachays Balkars Tabasarans Laks Ossetians Polish volunteers
Commanders and leaders
Tsar Alexander I Tsar Nicholas I Tsar Alexander II Michael Nikolaevich Grigory Zass Ivan Paskevich Aleksey Yermolov Mikhail Vorontsov Dmitry Milyutin Aleksandr Baryatinsky Ivan Andronnikov Grigory Rosen Yevgeny Golovin Nikolay Muravyov-Karsky Nikolay Yevdokimov Robert Segercrantz [ru]	Ghazi Mullah † Hamzat Bek Shamil of Gimry  Tashaw-Hadji Shuaib-Mulla of Tsentara Hadji Murad Isa of Ghendargen Baysangur of Beno Talkhig Shelar Eska of Noiber Umalat-bek of Boynak Irazi-bek of Kazanysh Idris of Endirey Beibulat Taimiev Kizbech Tughuzoqo Qerandiqo Berzeg Seferbiy Zanuqo Muhammad Amin Asiyalo Jembulat Boletoqo Keysin Keytiqo Aslan-Bey Chacba Esho Marchand James Stanislaus Bell Teofil Lapinski
Strength
1817–1864: 1819: 50,000[4] 1857: 200,000 1862: 60,000[5]	1817–1864: The Abkhazian Principality: 25,000[1][6][7] Caucasian Imamate: 15,000–25,000[8] Circassia: 35,000–40,000[8]
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Civilian dead: 700,000 [9][10] Total dead: High Total dead: High Total dead: High

The Caucasian War (Russian: Кавказская война, romanized: Kavkazskaya voyna) or the Caucasus War was a 19th-century military conflict between the Russian Empire and various peoples of the North Caucasus who resisted subjugation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. It consisted of a series of military actions waged by the Russian Imperial Army and Cossack settlers against the native inhabitants such as the Adyghe, Abaza-Abkhazians,^[11] Ubykhs, Chechens, and Dagestanis as the Tsars sought to expand.^[12]

Russian control of the Georgian Military Road in the center divided the Caucasian War into the Russo-Circassian War in the west and the conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan in the east. Other territories of the Caucasus (comprising contemporary eastern Georgia, southern Dagestan, Armenia and Azerbaijan) were incorporated into the Russian Empire at various times in the 19th century as a result of Russian wars with Persia.^[13] The remaining part, western Georgia, was taken by the Russians from the Ottomans during the same period.

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